4 Apr 2012

CCENT Quick Reference

QUICK Reference (ICND 1)

Protocol :- Predefined set of rules to communicate


Network Applications

  • Email
  • Collaboration
  • Messaging
  • Web Browsing
  • Databse applications

Speed = Data Rate

Availability = Likelihood network is avialable

Scalability= How well network can scale

Topology= Physical components of network like cable, switches, router

Network Security (Type of Attacks)

Passive attack :- Sniffing aata like capturing password on the wire or wireless

Active attack :- Actively try to invade security , adding malicious code

Inside attack:- Attack from authorised users

Close in Attack :- Attack with in close physical proximity

Distribution:- Attack launched during distribution phase of any hardware of software.

Network Security Process


Security is ever evolving process

  1. Secure
  2. Monitor
  3. Test
  4. Improve

Reconnaissance attack(Gathering Information like sniffing data , Ping Sweep)

Access Attack

  • Password Attack
  • Trust Exploitation
  • Port Redirection
  • Man-in-the Middle
  • Buffer Overflow.

Application Layer Attack

  • Exploiting well known weekness in the software
  • Trojon programms that loggs the key.
  • Password stealing
  • Java or activeX codes that work maliciously

Managament / Monitoring Protocols

  • Telent (but information is sent in Plain txt)
  • SSH (secure encrypted communication)
  • Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
  • Monitoring Protocols (SNMP, syslog, NTP, TFTP)

OSI Reference Model

All People Seem To Need Data Processing


TCP UDP = Transport Layer

Router, ICMP, IGMP, IP = Network Layer

802.3 802.2 Framerelay, HDLC = Data Link Layer


Data = Application Layer

Segment = Transport Layer

Packet = Network Layer

Frames = Data Link Layer

Bits = Physical Layer


TCP = Connection Orieneted (More overheads, Confrmation of delivery)

IP, UDP= Connection Less (best effort, no recovery of lost packet)


CLASS of IP Address


CLASS A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0

Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0.

Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0.

Class D: 224–239

Class E: 240 - 255


RFC 1918 Private IP Address Range


10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255


IPV6


16 Octet

128 Bits

A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73

TCP Header

URG: Urgent Pointer field significant

ACK: Acknowledgment field significant

PSH: Push Function application need data to be pushed immediately

RST: Reset the connection

SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers

FIN: No more data from sender

PORTS

  • ü 0 to 1023 are well-known ports.
  • ü 1024 to 49151 are registered ports
  • ü 49152–65535 are unregistered

TCP/IP Applications

FTP = TCP based File transfer (TCP 21 Port)

TFTP= UDP based used to transfer Cisco IOS or configuration (UDP 69 Port)

Telnet= Terminal Emuletion Command line (TCP 23)

SMTP= Email delivery (TCP 25)

SNMP= Network Manamgement Protocol. (UDP 161)

DHCP= Assign IP address automatically

DNS= Name to IP resolution (Both TCP, UDP 53)


TCP 3 Way HandShake


LAN Traffic Types


  • Unicast (one to one communication)
  • Broadcast (one to any Communication)
  • Multicast (from one to Subnet of users)

Address Translation


Inside local address =IP address assigned to a host on the inside network

Inside global address= A public IP address assigned by the ISP that represents one or more inside local IP addresses to the outside world.

Outside global address = IP address assigned to a host on the outside network

Outside local address = IP address of an outside host as it appears to the inside


When a host on an Ethernet LAN has information to send, the following steps are taken:1. A device with a frame to send listens until Ethernet is not busy CSMA/CD.
2. When the Ethernet is not busy, the sender begins sending the frame.
3. The sender listens to make sure that no collision occurred.
4. Once the senders hear the collision, they each send a jamming signal, to ensure that all
stations recognize the collision.
5. After the jamming is complete, each sender randomizes a timer and waits that long.
6. When each timer expires, the process starts over with step 1.

MAC Address

  • Layer 2 address
  • Hexa Decimal Formate
  • 48 Bits = 24 bits of Vandor ID + 24 bits of Unique ID


Wireless

IEEE 802.11a: 54 Mbps in the 5.7 GHz ISM band
IEEE 802.11b: 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
IEEE 802.11g: 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band

IEEE 802.11n: 300 +Mbps in the 2.4 and 5GHz ISM band


Wireless Security


  • WEP (Basic Enryption , not good)
  • 802.1x EAP (Use dynamic Keys, User authentication)
  • WPA WiFi Protected access
  • WPA2 (Most Strongest uses AES for Encryption)

Configuring Port Security on Switch


SwitchX(config)# interface fa0/5

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport mode access

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport port-security

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport port-security violation shutdown



Keypoints

  • Switches increases the number of collisions domains in the network
  • Switches are multiport bridges that allow you to create multiple broadcast domains
  • Switches and bridges work on L2
  • Primary functions of a router are: Packet Switching and Path Selection
  • A straight-through cable is used to connect two different devices
  • Layer 4 functions are error recovery and flow control
  • Transport layer provides reliable networking via acknowledgments, sequencing,
    and flow control.
  • HTTPS is the secured version of the HTTP application, which normally uses 128 bit SSL
    encryption to secure the information uses port 443
  • VOIP systems utilize UDP because it is faster and uses less overhead
  • Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol
  • STP is used to avoid switching loops
  • CDP is a device discovery protocol that runs over Layer 2
  • Crossover cable is used to connect two of the same device types
  • 100BaseT (UTP, STP) has a distance restriction of 100 meter or 328 Feet
  • IEEE 802.3z standard describes 1000BASE-SX (Gigabit Ethernet)
  • Switches forward broadcast but routers do not forward broadcasts (by default)
  • RIPv2 carries subnet mask information allowing for VLSM
  • For point to point Link /30 IP address is used.
  • Network Address Translation (NAT) can be used to hide the private IP addressing
  • NVRAM-Nonvolatile RAM stores the initial or startup configuration file.
  • 0x2102, is the normal config-register

114 comments:

  1. V.V.V.NICE DEAR SIR .DEAR SIR I HAVE NO WORDS TO APPRICIAT YOU FOR THIS SERVICE TO THE STUDENTS.SIR PLZ SEND ME YOUR MOBILE NO.SO THAT I WOULD USE TO SEND YOU BALANCE .PLZ GIVE ME A CHANCE TO RETURN YOU SOME THING IN THIS REGARD.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Really really appreciate this ..... if you really wana pay me something remeber me in your prayers after that if you still insisit then pay to some needy pooor people around you, may Allah bless you all . Thanks Again.

      Delete
  2. MOST DEAR SIR MY MOBILE NO.IS 0342-5389323 .SIR I WAS DOING MCSE IN RAWALPINDI .BUT THEIR METHOD OF TEACHING IS NOT GOOD .I WANT TO DO MCSE WITH YOU SIR.PLZ SIR AFTER CCNA START MCSE FULL COURSE.I HAVE LEFT THAT COURSE.DEAR SIR START MCSE COURSE AS SOON AS POSIBLE.
    *****WITH A LOT OF THANKS YOUR STUDENT
    SHAFAQAT HUSSAIN
    DIST RWP

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi Sharaqat, Can you please send me new MCSE guideline , What paper you need to do . and all E book if you arrange this i will think for this .... my email is admin@urduitacademy.com. but i cannot promise untill i see new curriculam as my MCSE MCDBA was was in year 99 then last time i taught this stuff was in Year 2006

      Delete
  3. many thanks for you and the hard work you have done, my Allah give you better reward in this world and akhirah as well, and make your children most healthy ,and give them success in both world

    ReplyDelete
  4. Hi Kashif,

    Please can your team will procced for BGP and MPLS module ?
    Specialy from your side. Or is it commercial ?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. we dont have any Expert for thease products ... I am afraid but i will keep an eye for this .

      Delete
    2. Sir,
      Please find someone for BGP and MPLS it is hardly requested please arrange Thanks

      Delete
  5. SIR AAP BHOT ACHY HAI!
    MAY ALLAH BLESS YOU IN THIS WORD AND IN AKHIRAH .
    WITH A LOT OF THANKS YOUR STUDENT
    SHAFAQAT HUSSAIN

    ReplyDelete
  6. masha allah ,kashif sir beshak ap bohat nek insan ho,itna to koi apno ke liye bhi nahi karta jo tum ne hum jaise student ke liye kiya hai ,allah ap ke umr me ,ilm me ,rozi me , sehat me aur ap ki family me khair-o-barkat ata farmaye
    ICND2 ke talabgar hai hai hum hamari ye murad bhi puri kardo
    allah haafiz

    ANWAR HUSSAIN SHAIKH FROM ( MUMBAI = INDIA )

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks ANWAR HUSSAIN SHAIKH FROM ( MUMBAI = INDIA )

      Delete
  7. Just the perfect, superlative of superlative degree i m giving to u

    ReplyDelete
  8. AOA
    I hope you ll be fine .
    I have all urdu lectures of MCIT.
    I want please you share my videos,its about 20GB.
    all the lectures are in urdu language.

    Contact me : 0333-2900976

    Reagrds
    Ali Rais Khanzada

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. thanks Ali YAsir will be in touch , are the videos yours or someone Else.

      Delete
  9. Asalam-o-Aliakum Sir,
    i hope u r fine.....
    sir im ur silent viewer.Now a days im on lecture 11.
    muje Networking ka bht craze ha ,aap ka teaching method bohat acha ha....mushkil chez b asani se samaj a jati ha....
    Khuda aap ko hamesha kamyab kare or daheron khushiyan de...AMEEN
    Sir Plzzz after CCNA aap Complete MCSE b start krana.

    ALLAH Hafizzz

    Mahwish(Rawalpindi,Pakistan)

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Bacha Abhi CCNA to khatam hoo lena doo Phir MCSE koo bhe deikh lata hain ... :) doowa main yaad rakhoo

      Delete
    2. Great Kash!

      sound good..........

      Delete
    3. SIR G AGER AP CCNA K BAD CCNP START KERAIN TO TOO MUCH GUD.THANKS GOD BLESS YOU. AMEEN

      Delete
  10. Assalam o alaikum
    respected sir/madam
    I want a CCENT ICND1 book in URDU LANGUAGE. Please guide me please very helpfull if you give me any link to ccent book inurdu to download or the name of book which i can buy Sir please

    ReplyDelete
  11. sir plz mujy ap apna nomber dain dain....

    best Regards"mansoor..
    0334-3001533

    ReplyDelete
  12. what is different between ccna and icnd ?

    me waiting sir....
    ap k lecture bhoat acchy hoty hain ..MASHALLAH..
    ALLAH ap ko lambi zindagi day ..ameen...........
    0334-3001533
    mansoorcontact1@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ICND1 and ICND2 exams will give you a CCNA certification. Until you pass ICND2 you are labeled as a CCENT.

      You can bypass the ICND1 and ICND2 and just take the CCNA exam, but you save only a small amount of money by doing this and if you fail, you have to pay for the more expensive CCNA exam again.

      I recommend taking ICND1 and ICND2 instead of going straight for the CCNA, just in case. The end result is the same!

      Delete
  13. Eagerly waiting for CCNP videos.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Dear Imran!

      Issue will be resolve soon. Extended ETTR is 1 month :D

      Network Operation center

      Delete
    2. we have to upgrade CCNA first as it have some CCNP level topics.

      Delete
  14. no words to appreciate yours efforts Sir Kash...i didn't write full name because Kash ap sy mulaqaat hote..:) Bundle of thanks...Junaid Khattak

    ReplyDelete
  15. Reply @mansoorcontact1@gmail.com...CCNA k do papers hai ICND-I & ICND-II, there is no difference between CCNA & ICND...ICND is part of CCNA

    ReplyDelete
  16. Assalamualykum.... We feel so lucky to have you. Hats off to you. no words to express how thankful im to u brother. we learned a lot and know you help prepare us for CCNP Inshallah. i wish almighty fullfill ol ur wishes. Jazakallah khair

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. inshAllah we have long way to reack need your prayers

      Delete
  17. Salams Mr Kashif,

    I am currently studying ICND Part 1 & to my surprise i am still not bored to death. Really appeciate your teaching style although your examples can sometimes be a little confusing or long winded & the lectures are slightly long.
    However on the whole keep up the good work.

    ReplyDelete
  18. Dear Kashif bhai,
    First of all a lot of prayers for you my dear. You are doing a great job for the people. I really appriciat your this effort. Wish you best of luck. Kashif bhai is there any simulator to practice all CCNA lectures. Please if yes. let me know. Because its very difficult to practice all this in a running envirnment. So lots of thanks for you.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. urduitacademy.com under useful links you can find the Free Cisco lab otherwise you can use GNS 3 or packet tracer

      Delete
  19. Dear Kashif, kindly also post the Quick Reference of ICND II it will be beneficial for all of us thanks.

    ReplyDelete
  20. Greetings from Wisconsin, USA. Your study guide is very useful, thank you for putting it up!

    ReplyDelete
  21. salam sir......i have no word for you and all 26 words combination of alphabets not define you its wonderfull learning video i ever watch...sir plz when will you share ccnp video with us..i am waiting for it..may allah live u long and happy
    life

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. i have not started CCNP yet but as soon as we will start the lectures will be on website

      Delete
  22. Ap Jaisy Insan Especially Pakistan mi bohat kam milty hy kionky aj kal ik bat koi baghair ni karta ap ny bohat bara kam kia elam ki roshni pelani kly. I slute u. Sir.

    Thanks
    Abdur Raziq

    ReplyDelete
  23. assalam-o-alaikoom Kashif bhai.
    in the "key points" section of the above cramp sheet it says that " Switches increases the number of
    collisions domains in the network". is it true?

    best regards,
    Ejaz
    New Delhi

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. increasing collision domain is good thing

      Delete
    2. @Ejaz Ahmad , yes dear you can understand in this way also , Network switch always have its 1 Broadcast domain by default and each port on the network switch have seprate collision domain. As the number of ports increases wise versa number of collision domains also increase.

      Delete
  24. Assalam-o-alaikum Sir,
    Ur Teaching and guideline methodology is just wow...I have no word to express my gratitude to your grand efforts... LOve u sir...Keep it up...Allah Bless you.
    Zahoor

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. thanks Really appreciate all of your comments

      Delete
  25. Asalam o Alaikm

    Hope you are fine by the grace of ALLAH Pak.

    Dear Kashif, i find your services really very great, May ALLAH bless you with success and prosperity(ameen).

    I have a Question that " How data is converted to packets ? ie. While i am downloading a movie , how it is broken down into pieces and is transformed to tiny packets"

    I searched it over internet but i couldnot find it easily. I am looking for your help in this regard. Either you can mail me or just tell me the links/stuff for studying.
    I am computer science student.

    Thanking in anticipation.

    Best Regards,
    Nasir Jamil
    njk_comsian@yahoo.com
    its.nasir.jamil@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  26. Hello Sir can you upload CCIE RNS Module after your video training i really impress your hard working and your knowledge kindly upload CCIE RNS module
    Thanks

    ReplyDelete
  27. This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.

    ReplyDelete
  28. Asslam o Alaikum Wa Rahmatullah Dear sir
    I've finished your lectures of ICND I and now hopping on to ICND II. MAy Allah shower His Blessings and His love and the love of His beloved prophet and our beloved master and guide, Hazrat Mohammad saw on you. Pls. remember me in your prayers, I'm going to attempt CCNA exam in few weeks.
    JazakAllah wa Ahsanal Jaza
    Wasslam
    Adnan Waheed
    Toronto

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. AARB: Sir I am going to write CCNA exam at the end of this blessed month of Ramadan.. Pls pray for me
      Adnan Waheed
      Toronto

      Delete
  29. Assalam-0-Alaikum Sir, I am a silent user, I joined you on facebook from April 2012 when this series got started, then I had few issues, quit it, now from last 1 week I started it again and 3 days ago I did the registration for ICND 1, tomorrow morning is my exam 10:00 am GMT +3, wish me all the best and INSHALLAH I will email you the result in case of pass :) once again thanks a lot for your all effort, you made me to do this otherwise I never think about it.

    Uzair

    ReplyDelete
  30. Salam Sir,
    Ap ne wo kam kr dikhaia jo kisi or ne nahi kia pakistan main.
    Vidios to bohat hen lekin urdu men nahe...
    Thanks sir,,Allah ap pr karm kre ameen,

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. thanks Remeber us in your prayers do join our website and FB page

      Delete
  31. AARB dear Kashif bhai and other team of Urdu it

    I'm going to write CCNA exam at the end of this blessed month of Ramadhan. Please pray for me.

    Wasslam
    Adnan Waheed
    Toronto

    ReplyDelete
  32. Guys can you provide me Dupms whatever can help me,i need to pass anyway.Help will be apprecited!

    My email
    rays_dk@yahoo.com

    ReplyDelete
  33. Aslam o Alaikum SiR!

    First of all ramadan mubrik to you and your family,
    i have one confusion about wan technology .
    as you said Serial Ports are not in use nowadays.
    Mostly organizations are using metro Ethernet fiber technology.
    Will you please explain if we terminate our WAN (ISP) link into Router's FastEthernet port , so We cant configure any Encapsulation such as PPP , Frame relay .
    Please is per thori roshni zaroor Daliyh.

    Waiting for your swift response

    Best regard,

    Khawaja Ahtasham
    Lahore (Webconcept)

    ReplyDelete
  34. hmmm that's nice sir khasif am enjoing that so much.bcz I just start.let see I hope INSALLAH me and my team will enjoy.

    ReplyDelete
  35. Assalomoalikum
    Well on just browsing about ccna I gone through ur blog it was amazing the way u try to explain the things its fantastic , I m from london and we got alot of stuff here but the efford u put it's really appreciateable .I m going to do ccna so gona take ur advoice indeed. Thanks again

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Welcome dear :) join our facebook page and visist our website .

      Delete
  36. Assalam-o-alaikum Sir,
    Your Teaching and guideline methodology is just awesome. I have no word to express my gratitude to your grand efforts. Keep it up. Do you have any plan of making CCNA Security video lecture in near future? Allah Bless you.

    Asim

    ReplyDelete
  37. assalam u alikum : kashif bhai aap boht acha prhatey hain or boht acha guid krtey hain me ne ap k video lectures sun kr icnd1or 2 complete krliya h or maney apney ander netwoking ki kafi improvment better feel ki h meri dua h ALLAH aapko hamesha khush rakhe aapki hr kisam ki pareshaniyan door kare AMEEN ilove you so much....

    ReplyDelete
  38. salam Kashif,
    can you help me to understand below ip address.
    10.201.49.185/28
    please in detail.

    ReplyDelete
  39. Assalam-o-Alaikum
    Kashif Bhai
    I am Jabir Ali
    main nay aap kay 4 lectures parhay... aap buhat acha parhatay hain. Allah aap ko kamyabi ata karay..

    ReplyDelete
  40. thanks for sharing nice post & blog.. keep it up..


    Best CCENT Institute in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  41. assalam u alikum :
    kashif bhai : first of all ALLAH bless you and your family member you maked me able to very very best understanding about networking that i want. i want become as like you that i spread knowledge of IT and i want give avail of needful people this is my think that you say do help of needful people i bless to ALLAH who become me as like you. you are very very nice and best person i love you and your behave plz plz reply me i w8 kashif bhai

    ReplyDelete
  42. Assalamu Alaikum...

    Kashif Sahab bahoot bahoot shukriya . You are working really very hard .. I really appreciate your hard work which is really very very helpful to me and to all IT guys. I am from Inda, Hyderabad. Bahoot sari duaen Aap k liye. It is not my habit to comments or appreciate any one but your hard work makes me to appreciate you.. You are really very great Man. Allah Aap ki har Dua Qubool kare.

    Allah Hafiz

    ReplyDelete
  43. Kashif bhai Love you so much yaaar, ye adaq e jaria hai you are great yaar allah ap ko boht kamyabian ata kary pakistan jesy mulk main jahan education boht costly hai aur kaee ghareeb student sirf paiso ki waja se kch ni kar patay ap ne un ko air naee umeed di hai kashif bhai you are the greattttttttttttttttttttttt my dear brother.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Shoaib Bhai thank you very much really appreciate that , remember us in you prayers please

      Delete
  44. salam alekum...
    myself shahi abidi from india
    i am very thanfull to kashif bhai......ur ccna lectures help me very much.....
    again thanku vry much
    may allah always help u to achive ur goal and fulfill ur duas.........aamin

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks Abid really appreciate that , please remember us in your prayers

      Delete
  45. Dear kashif sir, i heard that EIGRP is not propritary now, means the protocol made open. then how it works now for other company router. have we upgrade the firm ware of routers.

    ReplyDelete
  46. Dear Kashif sir, very very thanks to you and the whole team for good heart.
    sorry to asking this sir, can we get quick reference guide for ICND2 and CCNA Security also, they are very helpful while preparing. All gods bless you and the whole team. Thank you.

    ReplyDelete
  47. Kasif Sahab, Good to see your videos as it's very helpful and enjoyed your way of teaching and specially your examples in punjabi tone!!!!

    ReplyDelete
  48. Asslamu alaikum SIR KASHIF . first of All let me Be thankfull to you Im so thankfull to you sir Im really v.v.v thankfull for the lectures .sir i m fresh graduate from Mehran Uni oF Engineering n tech. i m preparing for CCNA here in karachi . trust me sir i have been to many CCNA preparing centrs but i was nt able to get them nor they were teaching us sincerly its just Bussins for majority of centres here i was too much disapointed and upsad that may be i m not able for CCNA. sir some told me about ur lectures and now i have downlaoded them trust me sir I love the way u teach students , its really appreciatble when u try to make us laugh and smile. sir u r Farishta for me .. Im thankfull again thnx alot Kashif sir Iskka Ajar apko ALLAH miyan degga .

    ReplyDelete
  49. AssallamOAlaikum Kashif bhai JizakAllah ho khair for your great efforts you have really helped me to go through my IT training here in Canada
    Yasir

    ReplyDelete
  50. Kashif sir aapake padhane ke tareeke and examples bahot acche hote hai jisame kamahor se kamajor student aasani se samajh jata hai. Maine pahali bar aisa guru dekha hai jo itane achhe tarike se aur nisulk aur niswarth padhaya hai. Parmatma aapake aur pake pariwar ko salamat rakhe. Aap jaise logo ki waja se hi ham jaise kamjor student ko aage badhane ka mauka milata hai. Mai tahedil se aapaka aur aapake iss prayas ka dhanyawad karata hu.

    ReplyDelete
  51. Your Teaching and guideline methodology is awesome .great job

    ReplyDelete
  52. Hi Sir,
    Thanks for this, I also need MCSE training, Can you provide that

    ReplyDelete
  53. i visited your site from youtube just to make comment.....you are great

    ReplyDelete
  54. AOA sir
    hoep u vl be fine.sir kindly confirm me when vl be the rest of lectures of c++ programing uploaded.

    ReplyDelete
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  61. Aslamo Alakam Sir
    First of all thank you very much for giving us easy concept of networking. God bless you.
    Sir i have listen lectures of ICND1 and read the book of cisco
    now i want to give the exam. please can you give me any good dumps source. thanks
    Ali Akbar

    ReplyDelete
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  63. Hi Kashifsir,

    Kishor here, I have just completed your ICND1 course.
    I appreciate for your great effort to teach us CCNA very easy way. I enjoyed lot while learning & got deep knowledge. I like the way of teaching & your sense oh humor. "You are great soul" I am so grateful to you & God bless you. Now it's time to learn ICND2.

    Ones again big thanks,

    ReplyDelete
  64. Dear kashif sir,
    I hve follow you from 2012. When I have some network related query search at that time I found this website. ever since then I follow. Very very useful your site for me and helpful students. I really appreciate for your all team members n specially kashif sir.
    Thanks,
    Rahim Shaikh

    ReplyDelete